The Five Relationships’ that are Illustrated in Confucianism

Analects, a compilation of Confucius’ teachings, is greatly recognized as a work of utmost importance and influence in the Chinese culture. The book conveys Confucius’ beliefs on a wide variety of topics, including propriety, education, family relations, and government in efforts to enhance social order. Confucius’ social philosophy is greatly directed towards the concept of ren. Ren symbolizes the characteristics of goodness and altruism, and is defined as being â€Å"compassionate†. However, displaying concern for others involves disparaging onself. Confucius declared that ‘a clever tongue and fine appearance are rarely signs of Goodness† (1.3) and believed one should avoid clever speech and a flattering manner, characteristics which†¦show more content†¦The concept of li can also be seen in a political sense. Confucius pictured proper government being guided by the principles of li. Since Confucian ideals proposed the perfection of all human beings as well as the decency being its own reward, government prescribed punishment was not seen as being necessary. He stressed the importance of the rites as fundamental to proper governmental leadership. In his work, Confucius regarded feudal lords in China that had adopted the Chinese rites as being the just rulers of the central states. On the contrary, feudal lords that did not adopt these rites were deemed unworthy of being considered Chinese. Confucius considered people who were naturally good learned best through example and that every society needed a model human being who would set this example for others to follow. Junzi, which can be translated into â€Å"gentleman† or â€Å"superior man†, was the term used by Confucius to describe this ideal being. The junzi is the opposite of the narrow minded, petty person. In the Analects, the two are contrasted in that â€Å"the gentleman understands rightness, whereas the petty person understands profità ¢â‚¬  (4.16). The junzi is the individual who always displays the attribute of ren in his person and portrays the quality of li in his actions. The way in which the junzi relates to his fellow peers emphasizes Confucius’Show MoreRelatedThe Book of Songs1621 Words   |  7 Pagesthree primary schools that were conceived during this ideological flourishing were Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. The principal tenets of Confucianism were illustrated in the Four Books (Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, Analects, and Mencius), classic texts that were selected by the scholar Zhuxi in the Song dynasty to provide a summary of Confucianism. Completing the traditional Confucian canon were the Five Classics (Classic of Poetry or Book of Songs, Book of Documents, Book of Rites,Read MoreEssay on The Daoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty1623 Words   |  7 PagesThe Daoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty Yang Yu History 135: Imperial Chinese History Professor: Robert J. Culp Paper I March 4th, 2011 The Daoism and the Confucianism in Han Dynasty As the dominant philosophical school for around two thousand years in Chinese imperial history, Confucianism is always regarded as the most representative ideology of China, associated with numerous books, poems, artworks and stories that glorify Confucianism’s permeation into every corner of ChineseRead MoreConfucianism And Its Influence On Chinese History1713 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Chinese history. He was a teacher, a philosopher, and also the founder of Confucianism. Confucius’ philosophies, on the other hand, would became well known as Confucianism. Confucianism can be considered as an ancient Chinese philosophy as well as a popular religion in the Chinese history. It is known to be a way of life taught by Confucius. Although being transformed over a long period of time, Confucianism is still the source of values and the social code of the Chinese. It not only hasRead MoreFeng Shui And Its Impact On Asian Hospitality Industry793 Words   |  4 Pages Barlett, S. (2010). W [Introduction]. In Simply feng shui (pp. vii-ix). NY, US: Sterling. Feng shui is about finding the positive energy and filling it around you. Whether its about the way you organize your house or the type of relationship you have with partner. Ancient Chinese people believed that nature and the world we live in is all connected by an energy called Ch i. Which was made up of two thing Feng and Shui. Feng Shui: Its Impacts on the Asian Hospitality Industry. (1994). InternationalRead MoreLeadership Is A Process Of Interaction Between People1433 Words   |  6 Pagespower that can influence, guide people to achieve the target that they all have. Management style means the leadership practices, Zagorsek, Jaklic Stough (2004) cited Kouzes and Posner’s study result, in the study Kouzes and Posner had identified five practices that are common to successful leaders, they are â€Å"challenging the process, inspiring and a shared vision, enabling others to act, modeling the way and encouraging the hearth† (p. 18). And they also said those practices will affected by cultureRead MoreAnalysis Of. Smith s The Illustrated World s Religions1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe book that I read for this paper was Huston Smith’s The Illustrated World’s Religions: A Guide to Our Wisdom Traditions. To very broadly summarize the point of this book, Smith’s (1994) book is an overview of several major world religions including their ideals, practices, major figures, cultural results and their sub-sects (Smith, 1994). Due to the sheer breadth of this book, I will be focusing my analysis on the cultural results of some of the religions presented. While reading this book, IRead MoreReligion : What Is Religion?2567 Words   |  11 Pagesmake an argument, and support that argument with evidence from our readings. A Way of progress/life goal Primal Religions= Confucianism= To become a Chun Tzu Taoism= To follow the Way and attain or maintain te. ‘‘two great sanctions: the moral requirements visible in nature and the inner conviction of what is right and wrong The eastern religions of Taoism and Confucianism, as well as, the primal religions discussed by Smith are far different than any religion I have ever known. However, I knowRead MoreComparing Confucianism and Islam2958 Words   |  12 Pages Although Islam and Confucianism represent two totally different worldviews, they have similar characteristics, which provide a potential idea, that both can be from a common source. Mirza Tahir Ahmad, who was a Caliph in Ahmadiyya Muslim community, supported this idea in his book â€Å"Revelation, Nationality, Knowledge Truth†. He supports his idea saying, â€Å"All humans are God’s creation; it stands to reason that God not only guided people in the Middle East through Abrahamic prophets. He also guidedRead MoreAncient Cosmology And The Natural Laws Of The Universe1639 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresented by the dragon, the color blue and a solid line trigram. On the other hand, yin reaches its height of influence with the winter solstice and may be illustrated by the tiger, the color orange and a broken line in the trigrams of the I Ching (or Book of Changes). Robin Wang generalized the complexity and multiplicity of yin-yang relationship into six basic forms. The first obvious characteristic of yinyang is maodun (contradiction or opposition). It may seem quite odd that contradiction is oneRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of negotiation style3169 Words   |  13 Pagessmoothing communication to establishing long-lasting relationships and mutual trust, as well as, from drafting agreements to delivering their offer conductions. To mention about Chinese negotiators, they can be at once warm hosts and friends, then turning into tough bargainers (Sebenius Qian, 2008). The unique Chinese cultural elements, influencing by Confucianism, Taoism, and war stratagems, show the heavy reliance on interpersonal relationships instead of legal instruments and are included in the

Negative Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution - 933 Words

Do you think the Industrial Revolution made life better or worse? The Industrial Revolution had several types of impacts on people, from running a family to the ground, with no money left even for food, to making some people richer than ever before. The Revolution made people’s life much better. Some positive impacts include, making the government more money, the better education, technology advancement, and society uplifting as a whole. Some people may beg to differ, but the Industrial Revolution changed many people’s life for the better. When the government makes more money, that is almost always a good thing. More jobs mean more money, more money means bigger taxes, bigger taxes mean more money for the government. There were several†¦show more content†¦The government now required children to attend school a minimum of 6 hours per day, and they must attend until a minimum age of 10. However there were exceptions, such as children who work in factories only h ave to attend 2 hours of school per day. Teachers salary was now raised, making teaching, a very popular profession. The children were now receiving much better education, making them smarter for the obstacles they faced in the future, that past school graduated were not able to resolve. The generations to come, once this rule was officially established, were able to overcome, create, and think extraordinary thoughts. This severely impacted the rest of humanity once education was becoming a norm of society. Along with all of the extraordinary thoughts, came inventions. With all of the new children coming out of school into the real work life. They had fresh ideas in their brains for new inventions. But it was not just children that came up with brilliant ideas, several adults did too. For example the infamous Thomas Jefferson inventing electricity in 1879, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, the lightbulb made its debut in 1879 by Thomas Edison, and so many more. T echnology took a very large step into the future with all the new brewing ideas in everyones educated minds. The train was invented in 1804 by Richard Trevithick and officially tested in Great Britain, making transportation for not only very large and heavy cargo much easier,Show MoreRelatedNegative Impacts Of The Industrial Revolution755 Words   |  4 PagesJames Watt improved the steam engine, industrial revolution began to spread around the globe. All electronic devices, cars, and even clothes are all made in factories. We would not be able to have these objects without industrial revolution, which began in Britain. Over the spare of time from industrialization we moved to automatization and now to computerization but we will just talk about the very beginning of industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was the event which changed our worldRead MoreSecond Industrial Revolution Essay871 Words   |  4 Pages An Industrial Revolution is the â€Å"change in soci al and economic organization that resulted from the replacement of the hand tools with machines and from the development of large-scale industrial production† (Danzer R50). The Second Industrial Revolution happened nearly one hundred years later after the First Industrial Revolution in England during the 1760s (Fagnilli 7). The Second Industrial Revolution was the cause of new inventions, government support for business, common natural resourcesRead MorePositive and Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution1144 Words   |  5 PagesPositive and Negative Impacts of the Industrial Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Industrial Revolution was a change in the mid-18th  century from small scale, domestic production of goods to machine-based, mass production of goods. It is usually thought of as having mostly or only positive impacts on Europe. Although the revolution did have many positive impacts, it had its fair share of negative impacts as well. Some of the positive outcomes included the overall increase in production and value ofRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay example1295 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the world. The Industrial Revolution began in the United Kingdom as large deposits of coal and iron were found throughout the land which brought the rise of factories and machines, the idea then subsequently spread throughout the world. It was perhaps one of the greatest moments in huma n historyRead MoreNegative Effects Of The Industrial Revolution710 Words   |  3 Pagesgoods. This time was called the Industrial Revolution, where farms were being replaced for factories and technological advancements that would change the way of living for everyone. As with all significant events in history, there were positive and negative impacts that the Industrial Revolution had on the world. Despite all the technological advancements that were made during this time that brought economic prosperity to all, the Industrial Revolution has negative impacts that shaped our society to beRead MoreThe Positives And Cons Of The Industrial Revolution835 Words   |  4 PagesIs the Industrial Revolution as Good as We Think It Is? Bill Gates once said, â€Å"If you go back to 1800, everybody was poor. I mean everybody. The Industrial Revolution kicked in, and a lot of countries benefited, but by no means everyone.† The Industrial Revolution was a period in the 18th century led by Great Britain that had a major influence in agriculture, scientific studies, manufacturing, and transportation. As said by Bill Gates, even though the Industrial Revolution benefited many partiesRead MoreThe Positive and Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution752 Words   |  4 PagesPositive and Negative effects of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had many positive and negative impacts on society. The positive include cheaper clothes, more job opportunities, and improvement in transportation. And the negative would include exploitation of women and children, workers work long hours and environmental damages. These are just a few that I believe had an impact on the Industrial Revolution. England was an ideal place for the Industrial Revolution to begin.Read MoreSecond Industrial Revolution1000 Words   |  4 PagesSecond US Industrial Revolution, 1870 -1910 Darris Adkins Abstract In this brief paper, a description of two developments of industrialization that positively affected the United States and two developments that negatively affected the United States will be discussed. An analysis of whether or not industrialization was generally beneficial or detrimental to the lives of Americans and the history of the United States will be outlined. Second US Industrial Revolution, 1870 -1910 In this briefRead MoreThe Effects of the Industrial Revolution on Society Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesFrank Garrido THE EFFECTS OF THE NDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON SOCIETY The Industrial Revolution changed the ways by how the world produced its goods. It was the era when the use of power-driven machines was developed. It also changed our societies from a mainly agricultural society to one in which industry and manufacturing was in control. This had many effects on people’s lives. The Industrial Revolution first got its start in Great Britain, during the 18th century. It was inevitable thatRead MoreThe Permanent Impact Of The Industrial Revolution1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe Permanent Impact of the Industrial Revolution It is fair to say, that when we are talking on our cell phone in the car on the way to the mall to purchase a new outfit, it does not usually cross our mind about how we have the ability to be doing such things. We do not consider the fact that we have these means of transportation or communication. Even more so, we definitely do not think about what it would be like to have to special order an outfit after picking the material and being fitted

Electronic Commerce in Malaysia Free Essays

string(130) " after the time of signing is detectable; and \(c\) any alteration made to that document after the time of signing is detectable\." LAWS OF MALAYSIA Act 658 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT 2006 2 Laws of Malaysia ACT 658 Date of Royal Assent Date of publication in the Gazette †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 30 August 2006 31 August 2006 Publisher’s Copyright C PERCETAKAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA BERHAD All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior permission of Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad (Appointed Printer to the Government of Malaysia). Electronic Commerce LAWS OF MALAYSIA Act 658 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT 2006 3 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART I PRELIMINARY Section 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Commerce in Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. 3. 4. 5. Short title and commencement Application Use not mandatory Reference to other written laws Interpretation PART II LEGAL RECOGNITION OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGE 6. 7. Legal recognition of electronic message Formation and validity of contract PART III FULFILMENT OF LEGAL REQUIREMENTS BY ELECTRONIC MEANS 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Writing Signature Seal Witness Original Retention of document 4 Section Laws of Malaysia 14. 15. 16. Copy Prescribed form Service and delivery PART IV COMMUNICATION OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGE ACT 658 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Attribution of electronic message Contents of electronic message Each electronic message to be regarded separately Time of dispatch Time of receipt Place of dispatch Place of receipt Acknowledgement of receipt PART V MISCELLANEOUS 25. Regulations SCHEDULE Electronic Commerce LAWS OF MALAYSIA Act 658 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACT 2006 5 An Act to provide for legal recognition of electronic messages in commercial transactions, the use of the electronic messages to fulfill legal requirements and to enable and facilitate commercial transactions through the use of electronic means and other matters connected therewith. [ ENACTED by the Parliament of Malaysia as follows: PART I PRELIMINARY ] Short title and commencement 1. (1) This Act may be cited as the Electronic Commerce Act 2006. 2) This Act comes into operation on a date to be appointed by the Minister by notification in the Gazette. Application 2. (1) Subject to section 3, this Act shall apply to any commercial transaction conducted through electronic means including commercial transactions by the Federal and State Governments. (2) This Act shall not apply to the transactions or documents specified in the Schedule. 6 Laws of Malaysia ACT 658 (3) The Minister may by order amend, vary, delet e from or add to the Schedule. Use not mandatory 3. 1) Nothing in this Act shall make it mandatory for a person to use, provide or accept any electronic message in any commercial transaction unless the person consents to the using, providing or accepting of the electronic message. (2) A person’s consent to use, provide or accept any electronic message in any commercial transaction may be inferred from the person’s conduct. Reference to other written laws 4. The application of this Act shall be supplemental and without prejudice to any other laws regulating commercial transactions. Interpretation 5. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires— â€Å"electronic† means the technology of utilizing electrical, optical, magnetic, electromagnetic, biometric, photonic or other similar technology; â€Å"Minister† means the Minister charged with the responsibility for domestic trade and consumer affairs; â€Å"electronic message† means an information generated, sent, received or stored by electronic means; â€Å"originator† means a person by whom or on whose behalf, the electronic message is generated or sent; â€Å"addressee† means a person who is intended by the originator to receive the electronic message; Electronic Commerce â€Å"information processing system† means an electronic system for generating, sending, receiving, storing or processing the electronic message; â€Å"electronic signature† means any letter, character, number, sound or any other symbol or any combination thereof created in an electronic form adopted by a person as a signature; â€Å"commercial transactions† means a single communication or multiple communications of a commercial nature, whether contractual or not, which includes any matters relating to the supply or exchange of goods or services, agency, investments, financing, banking and insurance. PART II LEGAL RECOGNITION OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGE Legal recognition of electronic message 6. (1) Any information shall not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability on the ground that it is wholly or partly in an electronic form. (2) Any information shall not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability on the ground that the information is not contained in the electronic message that gives rise to such legal effect, but is merely referred to in that electronic message, provided that the information being referred to is accessible to the person against whom the referred information might be used. Formation and validity of contract 7. (1) In the formation of a contract, the communication of proposals, acceptance of proposals, and revocation of proposals and acceptances or any related communication may be expressed by an electronic message. (2) A contract shall not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability on the ground that an electronic message is used in its formation. Laws of Malaysia PART III FULFILMENT OF LEGAL REQUIREMENTS BY ELECTRONIC MEANS ACT 658 Writing 8. Where any law requires information to be in writing, the requirement of the law is fulfilled if the information is contained in an electronic message that is accessible and intelligible so as to be usable for subsequent reference. Signature 9. 1) Where any law requires a signature of a person on a document, the requirement of the law is fulfilled, if the document is in the form of an electronic message, by an electronic signature which— (a) is attached to or is logically associated with the electro nic message; (b) adequately identifies the person and adequately indicates the person’s approval of the information to which the signature relates; and (c) is as reliable as is appropriate given the purpose for which, and the circumstances in which, the signature is required. 2) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(c), an electronic signature is as reliable as is appropriate if— (a) the means of creating the electronic signature is linked to and under the control of that person only; (b) any alteration made to the electronic signature after the time of signing is detectable; and (c) any alteration made to that document after the time of signing is detectable. You read "Electronic Commerce in Malaysia" in category "Papers" 3) The Digital Signature Act 1997 [Act 562] shall continue to apply to any digital signature used as an electronic signature in any commercial transaction. Electronic Commerce Seal 9 10. (1) Where any law requires a seal to be affixed to a document, the requirement of the law is fulfilled, if the document is in the form of an electronic message, by a digital signature as provided under the Digital Signature Act 1997. 2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), the Minister may, by order in the Gazette, prescribe any other electronic signature that fulfills the requirement of affixing a seal in an electronic message. Witness 11. Where any law requires the signature of a witness on a document, the requirement of the law is fulfilled, if the document is in the form of an electronic message, by an electronic signature of the witness that complies with the requirements of section 9. Original 12. (1) Where any law requires any document to be in its original form, the requirement of the law is fulfilled by a document in the form of an electronic message if— (a) there exists a reliable assurance as to the integrity of the information contained in the electronic message from the time it is first generated in its final form; and (b) the electronic message is accessible and intelligible so as to be usable for subsequent reference. 2) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(a)— (a) the criteria for assessing the integrity of the information shall be whether the information has remained complete and unaltered, apart from the addition of any endorsement or any change which arises in the normal course of communication, storage and display; and (b) the standard of reliability required shall be assessed in the light of the purpose for which the document was generated and in the light of all other relevant circumstances. 10 Laws of Malaysia ACT 658 Retention of docum ent 13. Where any law requires any document to be retained, the requirement of the law is fulfilled by retaining the document in the form of an electronic message if the electronic message— (a) is retained in the format in which it is generated, sent or received, or in a format that does not materially change the information contained in the electronic message that was originally generated, sent or received; (b) is accessible and intelligible so as to be usable for subsequent reference; and (c) identifies the origin and destination of the electronic message and the date and time it is sent or received. Copy 14. Where any law requires any document to be retained, served, sent or delivered in more than one copy, the requirement of the law is fulfilled, if the document is in the form of an electronic message, by retention, service, sending or delivery of the document in one copy. Prescribed form 15. Where any law requires any document to be in a prescribed form, the requirement of the law is fulfilled by a document in the form of an electronic message if the electronic message is— (a) formatted in the same or substantially the same way as the prescribed form; (b) accessible and intelligible so as to be usable for subsequent reference; and (c) capable of being retained by the other person. Service and delivery 16. (1) Where any law requires any document to be served, sent or delivered, the requirement of the law is fulfilled by the Electronic Commerce 11 ervice, sending or delivery of the document by an electronic means if an information processing system is in place— (a) to identify the origin, destination, time and date of service, sending or delivery; and (b) for the acknowledgement of receipt, of the document. (2) This section does not apply to— (a) any notice of default, notice of demand, notice to show cause, notice of repossession or any similar notice s which are required to be served prior to commencing a legal proceeding; and (b) any originating process, pleading, affidavit or other documents which are required to be served pursuant to a legal proceeding. PART IV COMMUNICATION OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGE Attribution of electronic message 17. (1) An electronic message is that of the originator if it is sent by the originator himself. (2) As between the originator and the addressee, an electronic message is deemed to be that of the originator if it is sent by— (a) a person who has the authority to act on behalf of the originator in respect of that electronic message; or (b) an information processing system programmed by, or on behalf of, the originator to operate automatically. 3) As between the originator and the addressee, the addressee is entitled to regard an electronic message as being that of the originator, and to act on that presumption, if— (a) the addressee properly applies an authentication method agreed between the originator and the addressee for ascertaining whether the electronic message was that of the originator; or 2 Laws of Malaysia ACT 658 (b) the electronic message as received by the addressee resulted from the actions of a person whose relationship with the originator or any agent of the originator enabled that person to gain access to an authentication method used by the originator to identify electronic message as its own. 4) Subsection (3) does not apply if— (a) the addressee has received a notice from the originator that the electronic message is not that of the originator and has reasonable time to act accordingly; or (b) the addressee knew or should have known that the electronic message was not that of the originator had he exercised reasonable care or used any authentication method agreed between the originator and the addressee. Contents of electronic message 18. Where an addressee receives an electronic message, the addressee is entitled to regard the electronic message as being what the originator intended to send, and to act on that presumption, unless the addressee knew or should have known, had he exercised reasonable care or used any agreed procedure, that the transmission resulted in any error in the electronic message as received. Each electronic message to be regarded separately 19. Where an addressee receives an electronic message, the addressee is entitled to regard each electronic message received as a separate electronic message and to act on that presumption, unless the addressee knew or should have known, had he exercised reasonable care or used any agreed procedure, that the electronic message was a duplicate. Time of dispatch 20. Unless otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, an electronic message is deemed sent when it enters an information processing system outside the control of the originator. Electronic Commerce Time of receipt 13 21. Unless otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, an electronic message is deemed received— (a) where the addressee has designated an information processing system for the purpose of receiving electronic messages, when the electronic message enters the designated information processing system; or (b) where the addressee has not designated an information processing system for the purpose of receiving electronic messages, when the electronic message comes to the knowledge of the addressee. Place of dispatch 22. Unless otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, an electronic message is deemed sent from the originator’s place of business, and— (a) where the originator has more than one place of business, from the place of business that has the closest relationship with the transaction or where there is no place of business that has the closest relationship with the transaction, from the originator’s principal place of business; or (b) where the originator does not have a place of business, from the originator’s ordinary place of residence. Place of receipt 23. Unless otherwise agreed between the originator and the addressee, an electronic message is deemed received at the addressee’s place of business, and— (a) where the addressee has more than one place of business, at the place of business that has the closest relationship with the transaction or where there is no place of business that has the closest relationship with the underlying transaction, at the addressee’s principal place of business; or (b) where the addressee does not have a place of business, at the addressee’s ordinary place of residence. 4 Laws of Malaysia ACT 658 Acknowledgement of receipt 24. (1) This section applies where, on or before sending an electronic message, or in the electronic message, the originator has requested or agreed with the addressee that receipt of the electronic message is to be acknowledged. (2) Where the originator has requested or agreed with the addressee that receipt of the electronic message is to be acknowledged, t he electronic message is treated as though it has never been sent until the acknowledgement is received. 3) Where the originator has not agreed with the addressee that the acknowledgement be given in a particular form or by a particular method, an acknowledgement may be given by— (a) any communication by the addressee, automated or otherwise; or (b) any conduct of the addressee sufficient to indicate to the originator that the electronic message has been received. 4) Where the acknowledgement has not been received by the originator within the time specified or agreed or, if no time has been specified or agreed, within a reasonable time, the originator may— (a) give notice to the addressee stating that no acknowledgement has been received and specifying a reasonable time by which the acknowledgement must be received; and (b) if the acknowledgement is not received within the time specified in paragraph (a), give notice to the addressee to treat the electronic message as though it had never been sent and exercise any other rights he may have. 5) Where the originator receives the addressee’s acknowledgement of receipt, it is presumed that the addressee received the related electronic message. (6) Where the received acknowledgement states that the related electronic message fulfills technical requirements, either agreed upon or set forth in applicable standards, it is presumed that those requirements have been fulfilled. Electronic Commerce PART V MISCELLANEOUS 15 Regulations 25. The Minister may make such regulations as are necessary or expedient for giving full effect to the provisions of this Act. SCHEDULE (Section 2) This Act shall not apply to the following transactions or documents: 1. 2. 3. 4. Power of attorney The creation of wills and codicils The creation of trusts Negotiable instruments DICETAK OLEH PERCETAKAN NASIONAL MALAYSIA BERHAD, KUALA LUMPUR BAGI PIHAK DAN DENGAN PERINTAH KERAJAAN MALAYSIA How to cite Electronic Commerce in Malaysia, Papers

Good Fences Make Good Neighbours Essay Sample free essay sample

Make Good Fences Make Good Neighbors? addresses the historical impact of strategic barriers. defined here as â€Å"continuous or reciprocally back uping plants denying the enemy avenues of onslaught across a forepart. † In his debut. Brent Sterling argues for the relevancy of such an assessment given the reclamation of involvement in strategic defence around the universe ( old fashioned walls. every bit good as more novel missile defences ) and the shallow argument environing it. the â€Å"dynamic† of which â€Å"is for critics and advocates to speak past each other. adding extremely subjective versions of the past to bolster their statements. † with even usually discreet historiographers â€Å"prone to use sweeping word pictures on this subject. † That job is in all likeliness a by-product of the dearth of serious research on the topic of munition in recent old ages. ( An scrutiny of Parameters’ index of books reviewed between 1996 and 2010. for ca se. shows merely one covering with the subject. Transgressing the Fortress Wall. a RAND Corporation monograph from 2007 focused on the exposure of modern substructure to terrorism. ) By and big. the available literature examines peculiar defensive plants. struggles. or periods ( for case. Medieval palaces or Civil War garrisons ) . or is portion of broader histories of wars and warfare ( such as John Keegan’s 1992 A History of Warfare. which Sterling cites three times in his treatment of rudimentss in his first chapter—a trust that is stating ) . Naturally. serious book-length surveies offering cross-cultural comparings. or covering specifically with strategic barriers as a category. are even rarer than composing on munition in general. which is by itself adequate to do Sterling’s book worthy of attending. The involvement of the book is reinforced by its peculiar attack to the capable affair. stressing the consequence of such defences on the behaviour of major histrions involved by manner of three cardinal inquiries: foremost. how the barrier affects â€Å"adversary perceptual experiences of the edifice state’s purpose and capableness . † and how it shapes their subsequent behaviour ; 2nd. the consequence of the system on the immediate and long-run â€Å"military balance† ; and eventually. the influence of the barrier on the â€Å"subsequent mentality. policy argument. and behaviour within the forming province. † In seeking to reply these inquiries. Sterling opts for in-depth scrutinies of a six instances. each a state of affairs in which plausible options to barrier-building existed. Consequently. he excludes defences hastily thrown up in wartime. or those made ineluctable by the failing of the edifice power compared with its antagonist ( as with the World War II–era German Gustav Line and Finnish Mannerheim Line. severally ) . Making the concluding cut are ancient Athens’s Long Walls. Hadrian’s Wall in Britain. the Ming Dynasty’s Great Wall. Louis XIV’s Pre Carre. the Gallic Maginot Line. and the Israeli Bar-Lev Line. Ultimately. Sterling concludes that barriers are neither useless nor a Panacea. Properly constructed barriers are often effectual militarily. enforcing costs on hostile incursions. decelerating enemy progresss. coercing the aggressors to alter their behaviour in important ways ( such as by seeking ways around the barrier ) . and offering othe r utilizations ( such as supplying a base for forward operations ) . However. barriers are dearly-won to adequately construct. maintain. and adult male. plenty so that the builders normally fail to prolong the needed investing over clip. Sterling besides notes the inclination of the military balance to switch off from the wall-builders over clip. as their oppositions learn to besiege or get the better of the barriers ( a job that may hold worsened with the increasing celerity of technological alteration in modern times ) . while the â€Å"deterrence by denial† that the barriers provide must frequently be backed by â€Å"deterrence by punishment† in the instance of extremely motivated oppositions. More basically. strategic defences can non replace for a sound strategic orientation toward both Alliess and oppositions. who can be alienated or even antagonized by the barriers. Additionally. such barriers can further a sense of â€Å"subjective† security that reinforces bing inclinations in behaviour that may be inappropriate to a give n state of affairs. such as inordinate risk-taking or the turning away of deeper solutions to jobs that arise ( political or military ) . which besides raises the hazard of disproportional demoralisation when the sense of impregnability the barriers provide is punctured by their failure. Sterling concedes the bounds that a individual research worker faces in covering with such a broad scope of capable affair in his debut. and at the same clip. the limited diverseness of the instances ( with four of the six affecting European struggles ) . but his single chapters are comprehensive in their intervention of their topics. running a dense 40 to 50 pages each ( numbering notes ) . while offering adequate scope and deepness for a hunt for historical lessons. Together. along with the concise chapter in which Sterling offers his decisions. they make for a robust. lucid. and persuasive ( every bit good as accessible ) scrutiny of the issue. It might be protested that the instances Sterling examines bear small relevancy for current arguments about strategic barriers. which are less concerned with queering occupying ground forcess than commanding population and stuff flows ( with regard to issues like illegal in-migration ) —a affair Sterling brings up early on but devotes small infinite to ( and none at all exterior of the Roman and Ming instances ) . However. much of Sterling’s broader analysis ( for case. sing the alterations forced on behaviour by a wall’s presence. care costs. and impact on perceptual experiences ) is applicable to those affairs every bit good. and readers chiefly interested in those issues can besides anticipate to happen the book worth their piece. Make Good Fences Make Good Neighbors? is a solid start to a sounder argument about this of import topic and is likely to turn out indispensable reading for pupils of its topic for old ages to come.